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3.30 Ga high-silica intraplate volcanic–plutonic system of the Gavião Block, São Francisco Craton, Brazil : evidence of an intracontinental rift following the creation of insulating continental crust.
(2016) Zincone, Stéfano Albino; Oliveira, Elson Paiva de; Laurent, Oscar; Zhang, Hong; Zhai, Mingguo
High-silica rhyolites having U–Pb zircon ages of 3303±11Ma occur along the eastern border of the Gavião Block (Brazil) associated with the Contendas-Mirante and Mundo Novo supracrustal belts. Unlike many Archean greenstone sequences, they are not interlayered with mafic to intermediate units. Instead, they belong to an inter-related plutonic–volcanic system, together with granitic massifs having similar zircon crystallization ages of ca. 3293 ± 3 Ma and 3328 ± 3 Ma and plotting along the same geochemical trends as the rhyolites. The rhyolites show well-preserved primary volcanic features such as magma flow textures and euhedral phenocrysts. High emplacement temperatures are indicated by petrographic evidence (β-quartz phenocrysts), zircon saturation temperatures (915–820 °C) and geochemical data, especially high SiO2 (74–79 wt.%) togetherwith elevated Fe2O3(T) (~3 wt.%), MgO (0.5–1.5 wt.%) and low Al2O3 (b11 wt.%). The rhyolites show homogeneous trace element ratios (La/YbN 4.8 ± 1.8; EuN/Eu* ~0.55; Sr/Y ~0.7) and negative ԐHf(3.3 Ga) from 0 to −7, indicating derivation from a single crustal source for both occurrences. Specifically, the rhyolites would have derived from extraction and eruption of highly silicic residual liquid formed by crystallization of granitic magma in a relatively shallow (b10 km) reservoir, now represented by the granite massifs. The granite magma was formed by melting or differentiation of material similar to the diorite gneiss that occurs regionally. The 3.30 Ga volcanic– plutonic systems formed after a period of crustal growth and stabilization of a thick continental lithosphere, represented by massive 3.40–3.33 Ga TTG and medium to high-K calk-alkaline magmatism in the Gavião Block. The 3.30 Ga-old rhyolites and graniteswould therefore have formed in an intracontinental tectonic setting after the formation and stabilization of newcontinental crust, and accordinglywould represent the first stages of rifting and continental break-up. Intraplate magmatism and intracrustal differentiation processes took place on Earth at 3.3 Ga and produced magmas that were distinct from Archean TTGs, questioning the reliability (or at least the uniqueness) of “intraplate models” to explain the origin of the latter.
3230-3200 Ma post-orogenic extension and mid-crustal magmatism along the southeastern margin of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa.
(2011) Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Buick, Ian S.; Stevens, Gary; Rossouw, Riana; Wet, Willem de
The Barberton Granitoid-Greenstone Terrain (SouthAfrica) preserves a complex and protracted evolution involving several events of magmatism and terrain accretion along convergent tectonic boundaries. Recent studies propose that the main period of tectonic accretion and arc-related magmatism is linked to a system of divergent subduction zones above which voluminous TTG magmas were emplaced between ca. 3236 and 3227 Ma. Our structural and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology study along the southeasternmargin of the BarbertonGreenstoneBelt (BGB) ties the waning stages of this TTG magmatism to a short (ca. <30 Ma) period of mid-crustalextension, between 3228 and 3205 Ma. We document a major NE-trending detachment that juxtaposed upper sequences (Moodies Group clastic sediments) against mid-crustal 3418 ± 10 Ma amphibolite-facies rocks of the base of the greenstonebelt (Onverwacht Group rocks). Several granodiorite bodies - intruded along this detachment - contain well-preserved (syn- and post-magmatic) fabrics that are demonstrably related to extensional shearing and exhumation. Field observations and U–Pb zircon data from these granitoids are consistent with the deformation taking place at 3228 ± 10 Ma – contemporaneous with the voluminous (3236–3227 Ma) TTG magmatism in the northwestern margin of the BGB. The timing of the granodiorite emplacement also constrains a minimum age for the deposition of the Moodies Group clastic sediments, which for much of the southern and southeastern parts of the BGB must have happened before ca. 3228 Ma. 3205 ± 9 Ma subvolcanic dykes intruded into the granodiorite complex indicate that the period of exhumation and cooling of the crystalline rocks along the extensional detachment was relatively short (<30 Ma), between 3228 and 3205 Ma. Our observations combined with previously published structural data from the northwestern and southern margin of the belt suggest that the main mechanism of large-scale infolding of the supracrustal strata was shortly followed by the extension-related magmatism and subsequent, solid-state diapiric movement of the arc-related plutons.
3D geoelectric modeling to characterize ferruginous caves in Brazil, using numerical and physical simulation.
(2024) Cardoso, Luiz Henrique; Bacellar, Luis de Almeida Prado; Oliveira, Nilciléia Cristina de Magalhães; Maciel, Álvaro Simões
In Brazil, the discovery of ferruginous pseudokarst caves in laterite profiles on iron mining areas has been significant. As a result, speleological legislation has restricted mining activity to protect caves considered to be most relevant, however, with subjective criteria. This requires the collection of precise data to better guide them. The application of techniques for the identification and characterization of caves is still limited, due to the irregular topography, vegetation and the obstruction of conduits and saloons by material that fell from the ceiling and walls, and it was also mobilized by miners. A relatively cheap and quick alternative to mapping the caves, compared to classical methods such as boreholes, is Electrical Resistivity (ER). Literature data are apparently controversial, as caves filled with air sometimes have high resistivity (tens to hundreds of thousands of ohms. meter), and sometimes low (up to a few thousand ohms. meter). Thus, the objectives were to investigate the electrical resistivity duality that can be observed in these caves, and present a non-invasive cave mapping methodology and a 3D geoelectric model (inverted), to be used as a reference in future field research. To this end, direct and inverse 3D geoelectrical numerical modeling was carried out to predict the electrical resistivity of typical elements in the ferruginous pseudokarst system of the Quadrilatero ́ Ferrífero (QF), southeast region, where hundreds of caves were cataloged. Field surveys, laboratory analysis of collected material and simulations in a reduced physical model validated the predictions. The results showed that moisture around ferruginous caves can attenuate the electrical signal or even mask the high resistivity of conduits and saloons filled with air. Therefore, it was the main factor considered in the geoelectric model.
A method for estimating paleotemperatures from pollen assemblages applied to the quantification of the Early Holocene warming in Central Brazil.
(2023) Cassino, Raquel Franco
This study presents a method for the quantification of paleotemperatures from pollen records based on the predominant leaf margin trait of the genera represented in the pollen assemblages. The method presented here uses the well-known and widely used relationship between leaf margin and mean annual temperature, which is commonly applied to macrofloras to reconstruct paleotemperatures. Here, genera occurring in the arboreal vegetation of Central Brazil were analyzed respective to the presence or absence of species bearing toothed leaves. Using floristic surveys, a correlation between the proportion of genera without toothed species and the mean annual temperature was investigated. A positive linear correlation between these two variables was found for forest sites, but not for the arboreal savannas. The equation derived from the linear regression between the two variables - proportion of genera without toothed species and mean annual temperature (MAT) - was applied to pollen assemblages collected on forest sites. The equation was used to calculate estimated MATs for surface samples in order to test the validity of its application to pollen assemblages. The equation was then applied to fossil records to estimate paleoMATs for two Brazilian sites located respectively at 15.5◦ and 28◦ of latitude, during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (between 13.6 and 10 kyr cal BP). While MAT increases of around 3 ◦C were found for the higher latitude site, no significant differences between final Pleistocene and early Holocene MATs were found for the near-equatorial site.
A new condensed freshwater-brackish water bivalve-dominated assemblage in the Aptian Crato Formation, Araripe Basin, NE Brazil and its paleoenvironmental significance.
(2024) Silva, Victor Ribeiro da; Varejão, Filipe Giovanini; Matos, Suzana Aparecida; Rodrigues, Mariza Gomes; Warren, Lucas Veríssimo; Assine, Mario Luis; Fürsich, Franz Theodor; Simões, Marcello Guimarães
The known occurrences of Early Cretaceous freshwater bivalves in the Araripe Basin are confined to the 0.85- to 2-m-thick Caldas Bed of the Crato Formation. Herein, we record a new bivalve-dominated assemblage in a siltstone bed nearly 30 m below the upper boundary with the overlying Romualdo Formation. The assemblage is composed of ecologically incompatible bivalve mollusk species, being dominated by tiny individuals of Modiolus? sp., a brackish water form. These are directly associated with the freshwater bivalves Araripenaia elliptica and Monginellopsis bellaradiata, the latter two species commonly found in the Caldas Bed. Those bivalves are mixed with carbonized, partially comminuted plant remains. Specimens of Modiolus? sp. are usually articulated and are dispersed to loosely packed or forming cm-long clusters. A few shells of the freshwater forms are also articulated. The bivalves lived in a semi-confined embayment setting with fluctuating salinity. Background brackish water conditions must have existed long enough for the Modiolus? sp. larvae to settle and develop as juvenile individuals. Rapid salinity fluctuations associated with sea level and climate variations allowed A. elliptica and M. bellaradiata to thrive in the same area. Hence, the numerically dominant shells of the brackish water forms and the freshwater bivalves have been telescoped into the same bedding plane, generating an environmentally condensed, time averaged benthic assemblage. Finally, the presence of these taxa considerably expands the vertical/temporal distribution of bivalve mollusks within the Crato Formation.
A-type Medina batholith and post-collisional anatexis in the Araçuaí orogen (SE Brazil).
(2018) Serrano, Paula; Soares, Antônio Carlos Pedrosa; Medeiros Júnior, Edgar Batista de; Boa, Tobias Fonte; Araujo, Cristina Santos; Dussin, Ivo Antonio; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho
The Medina batholith and its host granitic migmatites record intriguing plutonic processes in the northern Araçuaí orogen (SE Brazil). This orogen shows a long lasting (630–480 Ma) succession of granite production events from the earliest pre-collisional plutons to the latest post-collisional intrusions. The Medina batholith includes granite intrusions ascribed to the post-collisional stage. They show high alkali and halogen contents, low CaO (at SiO2=71%:Na2O+K2O=7 to 9%; CaO=1.6%), and high FeOt/(FeOt+MgO) ratios (0.78 to 0.92). The Medina granites are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, with ASI (molecular ratio Al/(Ca-1.67P+Na_K)) values of 1.76 to 2.07, and have high concentrations of high field strength elements (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y N 700 ppm), as well as high Ga/Al ratios. Accordingly, the Medina intrusions are typical ferroan A-type granites. U\\Pb ages fromzircon (501±2 Ma) and monazite (497±2 Ma) constrain the emplacement timing of theMedina batholith. Surprisingly, all monazite ages from host rocks also cluster around 500Ma, despite their nature and distance from the batholith, suggesting that they would have shared a same thermal process. The studied host rocks are granitic migmatites varying from patch metatexite to nebulitic diatexite, comprising paleosome of foliated sillimanite-garnet-biotite metagranite to gneiss, and non-foliated garnet-cordierite neosome poor to free of biotite. A metatexite (R14) located relatively far from the Medina batholith, and a diatexite (M26) found at the batholith contact were sampled for detailed studies. The paleosome of foliated metagranite (R14A) only shows zircon grains with igneous features and Th/U ratio from1.64 to 0.26. Although the spreading of zircon spots, themain cluster yields a Concordia age at 556±6 Ma, constraining the protolithmagmatic crystallization. A minor cluster furnishes a Concordia age at 499±7 Ma, in agreement with the U\\Pb monazite age at 501±2Ma. Extracted from the same metatexite sample, the non-foliated garnet-cordierite neosome (R14B) shows both igneous and metamorphic zircon domains with Th/U ratios ranging from 1.47 to 0.00. Again, the U\\Pb spots cluster at two distinct Concordia ages (562±3Ma and 499±3Ma). The youngest of them, fitting with themonazite age (495±3Ma), constrains melt crystallization,while the oldest age suggests paleosome inheritance. The nebulitic diatexite (M26) showsmonazite (497±2Ma) and zircon (Th/U=1.7 to 0.0; Concordia ages at 564±2Ma and 507±3Ma) populations similar to themetatexite neosome, alsowith the youngest ages bracketing themelt crystallization process around 500 Ma. Accordingly, all those ages at around 500Ma disclose a partial melting episode coeval with the Medina batholith emplacement. Phase equilibrium modeling on a garnet-cordierite neosome furnished P-T conditions of 750–840 °C at 2.4–3.5 kbar for that post-collisional anatexis. Evidence for such a late thermal event are common in the Araçuaí orogen, even far from the post-collisional batholiths. Thus, a possible major heat source can be envisaged, like a mantle plume triggering crustal anatexis and regional fluid circulation during the gravitational collapse of the Araçuaí orogen.
Accretionary and collisional processes of the Brasiliano Orogeny recorded by the Tonian La Tuna ophiolite, Dom Feliciano Belt, Uruguay.
(2023) Pinto, Viter Magalhães; Debruyne, David Jozef Cornelius; Leitzke, Felipe Padilha; Hartmann, Leo Afraneo; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho
Accretionary to collisional orogenies such as the Brasiliano Orogeny of eastern South America present the opportunity to distinguish between oceanic-continental (accretionary) and continental (collisional) processes. However, the multitude of geotectonic processes involved and the reduced degree of preservation of the accretionary stage restrain the interpretation of evidence. This study focuses on a metasomatite associated with the La Tuna Ophiolite in the southern Dom Feliciano Belt of the Uruguayan Shield, as these can provide crucial insights into the accretionary stage of the Brasiliano Orogeny. The metasomatite occurs as a meter-sized massive tourmalinite body surrounded by a meter-wide chloritite lens, both enclosed by the La Tuna serpentinite. Our SEM-EDS and EPMA data revealed that the serpentines from the La Tuna ophiolite are antigorite and lizardite, while chlorite was identified as clinochlore. Abundant inclusions of sheridanite chlorite in dravite tourmaline suggests that tourmaline overgrew chlorite. Dravite crystals revealed the presence of three diffuse zones with minor compositional variations, mainly enrichments in Ca and Fe towards the rims. The U-Pb LA-ICP-MS dating of metasomatic zircon yielded ages of 743.2 ± 3.4 Ma (n = 22) for the chloritite and 743.1 ± 2.4 Ma (n = 31) for the tourmalinite. High δ11B values (+12.1‰ to + 18.1‰) of tourmaline (LA-ICP-MS) suggest that the metasomatic event was caused by seawater-derived fluids in a fluid-dominated environment. The single metasomatic U-Pb age combined with the high δ11B values suggest that the metasomatites underwent more intense metasomatic events than those associated with the Bossoroca (− 8.5‰ to +1.8‰) and the Ibar ́e ophiolites (+3.2‰ to +5.2‰) further north in the São Gabriel Terrane of the Dom Feliciano Belt. Nonetheless, a few spots in tourmaline located within fracture zones and in contact with chlorite displayed negative (c. − 5‰) and low positive δ11B values (c. 2‰). These are interpreted as overprinting by crustal fluids, either during the tectonic emplacement of the La Tuna Ophiolite or during exhumation. The calculated TDM Hf model ages for zircon in tourmalinite and chloritite range from 0.74 to 1.09 Ga and their εHf(T) values range from +4.9 to +11.2, indicating derivation from depleted mantle sources. The data corroborate earlier results indicating that the associated La Tuna amphibolites have composition similar to N-MORB. Furthermore, the trace element composition of zircon in the metasomatites is consistent with an oceanic environment (U/Yb < 0.1). Geotectonically, the La Tuna metasomatites formed at 743 ± 2 Ma in an oceanic setting, most likely in a juvenile Adamastor Ocean basin. During the collisional stage of the Brasiliano Orogeny, the La Tuna Ophiolite was tectonically emplaced within the <666 Ma La Micaela Schist of the Paso del Dragon ́ Complex. As such, this study on the La Tuna Ophiolite contributes direct evidence on the oceanic evolution leading up to the accretionary stage of the Brasiliano Orogeny and provides new constraints on the transition towards the collisional stage.
Adaptações metodológicas interescalares de zoneamentos ambientais a bacias hidrográficas agrárias do sudeste brasileiro.
(2011) Vasconcelos, Vitor Vieira; Hadad, Renato Moreira; Martins Júnior, Paulo Pereira
Os Zoneamentos Ambientais de frentes agrícolas brasileiras têm enfocado principalmente estudos de microescala sobre as frentes pioneiras sobre as áreas nativas do Centro-Oeste e Norte do Brasil. Contudo, vários problemas de ordenamento territorial e gestão de recursos naturais têm ocorrido em frentes agrícolas do sudeste brasileiro, apresentando particularidades sistêmicas de funcionamento. O presente artigo pretende investigar como o Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico – ZEE -, principal instrumento de planejamento territorial brasileiro, pode adaptar sua metodologia para estudar fidedignamente as bacias hidrográficas agrárias do Sudeste do Brasil.
Adaptation of a rapid assessment protocol for rivers on rocky meadows.
(2008) Rodrigues, Aline Sueli de Lima; Castro, Paulo de Tarso Amorim
Este trabalho visou adaptar um protocolo de avaliação rápida para trechos de rios de alto e baixo curso inseridos em campos rupestres tomando-se como “situação referência” as condições ambientais encontradas no interior do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Ouro Preto-MG. Protocolos similares têm sido empregados em programas de monitoramento de recursos hídricos em países como Estados Unidos, Grã-Bretanha, Canadá, Alemanha e Austrália. Os parâmetros propostos foram: substratos e/ou habitat disponíveis; substrato em poços; soterramento; regimes de velocidade/profundidade; diversidade de poços; deposição de sedimentos; condições de escoamento do canal; alterações no canal; sinuosidade do canal; freqüência de corredeiras; estabilidade das margens; proteção das margens pela vegetação e estado de conservação da vegetação do entorno. Para cada parâmetro uma pontuação, entre 0 e 20 pontos, correspondente à condição ambiental é atribuída e os valores são distribuídos de acordo com o gradiente de estresse ambiental verificado no local da avaliação, podendo variar desde uma condição considerada “ótima”, até uma condição “péssima”, passando por situações intermediárias “boa” e “regular”. Após a adequação do protocolo foi realizada uma oficina de monitoramento ambiental em que 42 voluntários aplicaram o protocolo em dois trechos selecionados na área de estudo, a fim de realizar uma avaliação do método quanto à aplicabilidade, clareza e possíveis inadequações dos parâmetros propostos. A análise do padrão de respostas dos voluntários mostrou-se consistente, refletindo um bom entendimento dos parâmetros. A adequação e a utilização do protocolo podem ser consideradas etapas para a preservação de recursos hídricos, podendo ainda ser utilizado em estudos de avaliação de impacto ambiental em áreas degradadas (inseridas no contexto ambiental estudado) e como ferramenta que permite a participação social no processo de gerenciamento e monitoramento dos recursos hídricos.
Adapting the EPIK method to Brazilian Hydro(geo)logical context of the São Miguel watershed to assess karstic aquifer vulnerability to contamination.
(2018) Pereira, Débora Lara; Galvão, Paulo Henrique Ferreira; Lucon, Thiago Nogueira; Fujaco, Maria Augusta Gonçalves
Karst aquifers are, besides important strategic reservoirs of good quality water, heterogeneous and anisotropic, where highly permeable karst networks result in insufficient time for contaminant degradations, and hence the quasi-immediate contamination of the aquifer. The EPIK method is a low-cost technique and was developed to map karst regions based on four main feature indexes: 1) epikarst; 2) protective cover; 3) infiltration conditions; and 4) karst network development. However, the method was developed according to European hydrogeologic and temperate climatic contexts, where its application without adaptations in regions in different contexts may result in possible misunderstandings, such as overlook, underestimate or overestimate significances of some parameters (e.g. soil covers, rainfall regimes, morphological domains). The Brazilian São Miguel watershed, a tropical karst region where the city of Pains is located (southwestern Minas Gerais), is characterized by high levels of thermotolerant coliforms, phosphorus, nitrate, and cadmium in surface water and groundwater. These contaminants come from, agriculture, livestock, and urban areas. Due to these issues and to provide a tool of water resource management and land use planning, the EPIK method was adapted to the hydrogeologic reality of the São Miguel watershed, considering both local vegetation and the current Brazilian speleological heritage protection legislation. Results revealed that 52% of the area has moderate vulnerability and 7% high vulnerability, this latter one concentrated in areas close to mining activities and urban areas. The study provided a reliable map and adapted technique which can be used in other Brazilian karst regions and other tropical karst regions.
Adequação e avaliação da aplicabilidade de um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida na bacia do rio Gualaxo do Norte, Leste-Sudeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG, Brasil.
(2012) Rodrigues, Aline Sueli de Lima; Malafaia, Guilherme; Costa, Adivane Terezinha; Nalini Júnior, Hermínio Arias
No presente estudo, adaptou-se um PAR para avaliar as condições ambientais do rio Gualaxo do Norte, Leste-Sudeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG, Brasil. Em seguida o PAR foi aplicado em 31 trechos ao longo do seu curso e, posteriormente, avaliou-se a aplicabilidade/viabilidade do instrumento adaptado utilizando-se informações científicas sobre o histórico e o atual uso e ocupação da bacia do rio Gualaxo do Norte. Os resultados demonstraram que o PAR adaptado foi eficiente na avaliação das condições ambientais do rio sob investigação. Contudo, foi evidenciada a necessidade de se ater para avaliação de parâmetros, que podem ter sua visibilidade influenciada pelo período do ano (estiagem ou cheia) ou pela própria localização na bacia. Essa constatação permitiu concluir que a construção/adaptação dos PARs deve ser um processo contínuo de ajustes e aprimoramentos para que o seu emprego possa cobrir uma gama diversificada de tipologias fluviais, bacias hidrográficas e ecorregiões.
Adsorção competitiva de As, Cu, Pb e Cr na avaliação da capacidade de fixação de metais por efluentes de mineradoras de ferro.
(2005) Basílio, Márcio Silva; Friese, Kurt; Lena, Jorge Carvalho de; Nalini Júnior, Hermínio Arias; Roeser, Hubert Mathias Peter
Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr≈As to As>Pb>Cu>Cr or As>Cu>Cr>Pb, depending on the material and the concentration of the initial solution. In the competitive environment, the Pb adsorption decreases and the As, Cu and Cr adsorption increases. Sequential extraction procedures, carried out after adsorption batch experiments, showed that the most important adsorption process occurs in the oxide fraction and that the major part of the absorbed metal is remobilized from exchangeable and oxide fractions.
Adsorção de cobre por carvões ativados de endocarpo de noz macadâmia e de semente de goiaba.
(2006) Rocha, Welca Duarte da; Luz, José Aurélio Medeiros da; Lena, Jorge Carvalho de; Bruña-Romero, Oscar
Visando a tratar efluentes com cobre (poluentes de grande relevância ambiental), produziram-se carvões ativados a partir de endocarpo de noz de macadâmia e semente de goiaba, resíduos gerados em larga escala pela agroindústria. Esses carvões foram comparados com carvão ativo convencional, de endocarpo de coco. A ativação foi feita com ZnCl2, na proporção de 1 parte do cloreto para 2 de material. Carbonização a 720°C e em nitrogênio resultou área superficial de 487,0 m²/g, para o carvão de macadâmia, e de 396,7 m²/g, para o carvão de semente de goiaba (contra 668,3 m²/g do carvão industrial). A depleção, em 24 h, de Cu2+ de uma solução mostrou-se efetiva, com capacidade adsortiva de 4,84 mg/g, para o carvão industrial padrão, de 3,48 mg/g, para o carvão do endocarpo da macadâmia carbonizado, e de 1,23 mg/g, para aquele de semente de goiaba carbonizada. Os resultados acenam para a utilização desses materiais no tratamento de efluentes contendo cobre, o que daria destinação nobre ao resíduo industrial.
Adsorption of chromium (VI) ion from aqueous solution by succinylated mercerized cellulose functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups.
(2009) Gurgel, Leandro Vinícius Alves; Melo, Júlio César Perin de; Lena, Jorge Carvalho de; Gil, Laurent Frédéric
Succinylated mercerized cellulose (cell 1) was used to synthesize an anion exchange resin. Cell 1, containing carboxylic acid groups was reacted with triethylenetetramine to introduce amine functionality to this material to obtain cell 2. Cell 2 was reacted with methyl-iodide to quaternize the amine groups from this material to obtain cell 3. Cells 2 and 3 were characterized by mass percent gain, degree of amination and quaternization, FTIR and CHN. Cells 2 and 3 showed degrees of amination and quaternization of 2.8 and 0.9 mmol/g and nitrogen content of 6.07% and 2.13%, respectively. Cell 3 was used for Cr (VI) adsorption studies. Adsorption equilibrium time and optimum pH for Cr (VI) adsorption were found to be 300 min and 3.1, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was used to model adsorption equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity of cell 3 was found to be 0.829 mmol/g. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of adsorption of Cr (VI) on cell 3 obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Adsorption of gaseous elemental mercury on soils : influence of chemical and/or mineralogical characteristics.
(2019) Montoya, Juan Andres; Lena, Jorge Carvalho de; Windmoeller, Claudia Carvalhinho
Gaseous elemental Hg is stable enough to be transported over long distances. Some of the most important sources of Hg in the atmosphere are artisanal gold mining activities and forest fires. Both of these sources are particularly prevalent in the Amazonia region. Information regarding the capacity of soils for retaining Hg transported by the atmosphere is very important for understanding the metal cycle in the environment. The aim of this work was to study gaseous elemental Hg adsorption in soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. For this purpose, soils from different regions in Brazil and Colombia influenced or possibly influenced by gold mining activities and forest fires were studied. Hg adsorption tests were conducted by exposing soil samples to a gaseous elemental Hg atmosphere for 144 h. The total Hg concentration (THg) and Hg oxidation states were monitored using a direct Hg analyzer. Sample characterization analyses were performed. THg values obtained before the adsorption tests were 43–413 and 144–590 µg kg−1 for grain size fractions below 2 and 0.063 mm, respectively. The predominant species found was Hg2+, with abundance levels from 68% to 99%. The results show a wide range of enhanced Hg retention capacities among the samples, ranging from 13 to 2236 times the initial concentration, and the speciation results demonstrate a decrease in the oxidized species range, from 21% to 78%. The statistical analysis indicated the importance of Mn-bearing minerals for the processes of adsorption/oxidation of gaseous elemental Hg in soils. These results contribute to the elucidation of the processes that occur with Hg at the soil/atmosphere interface and may help to explain the high concentrations of Hg found in Amazonian soils where no gold mining activities are practiced.
Aferição múltipla de modelos geológico - estruturais por meio da modelagem física analógica e da modelagem estrutural tridimensional : um exemplo do Quadrilátero Ferrífero.
(2005) Gomes, Caroline Janette Souza; Silva, Reginaldo Gomes da; Danderfer Filho, André; Almeida, João Felipe Savio di; Pessôa, Maria Verônica
No presente trabalho são apresentados experimentos analógicos e uma modelagem geométrica tridimensional, como ferramentas de aferição múltipla de seções geológico-estruturais. Em um experimento de areia seca foi simulado o modelo tectônico de Silva (1999) para a região centro-sul do Sinclinal Moeda, Quadrilátewro Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, posteriormente reconstruído em um arcabouço tridimensional, digital. A análise bidimensional das seções cortadas no experimento físico confirma o translado para oeste do Complexo Metamórfico Bação, atuando como backstop rígido, durante o processo deformativo. Também endossa o encurtamento da bacia, a inversão de sua borda oriental e a reativação reversa de falhas normais bem como a formação de novas falhas de empurrão. O modelo gráfico tridimensional revelou que o estrangulamento da bacia e a inversão da sua borda leste constituem, na realidade, efeitos desprezíveis, com pouca influência na configuração global da megaestrutura. As interpretações opostas, encontradas neste trabalho, conduziraam tanto a uma reinterpretação do modelo tectônico inicial quanto a uma nova análise das condições de contorno do modelo físico. Ao final, obteve-se um modelo de alta confiabilidade.
Agalmatolito do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG.
(2007) Evangelista, Hanna Jordt; Delgado, Carlos Eduardo Reinaldo
Agalmatolito é uma rocha peraluminosa de emprego industrial, essencialmente composta por pirofilita. Ocorrências e minas de agalmatolito encontram-se distribuídas em uma área de cerca de 350 km2 a noroeste da província mineral do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais. Há diversos tipos de rochas comercialmente denominadas agalmatolito, compostas por outros minerais além da pirofilita, tais como moscovita, quartzo, cianita e andaluzita, que mostram substituição, em graus variáveis, por pirofilita e diásporo. Análises por MEV/EDS aliados à microscopia óptica e difração de raios X mostraram que é possível diferenciar moscovita de pirofilita pelas texturas, sendo que a pirofilita ocorre em massas de granulação extremamente fina e sem orientação preferencial, enquanto a moscovita constitui dois tipos texturais: palhetas de porte maior ou agregados de finíssimas placas fortemente orientadas. As encaixantes do agalmatolito que correspondem, em parte, ao protólito dessa rocha, são rochas metavulcânicas e metassedimentares interpretadas como pertencentes ao greenstone belt arqueano Rio das Velhas. As metavulcânicas são compostas por fenocristais relícticos de feldspato alcalino em matriz metamórfica de clorita, moscovita, epidoto e quartzo. As rochas metassedimentares são formações ferríferas bandadas, quartzitos e xistos com variáveis proporções de quartzo, moscovita, cianita, andaluzita, coríndon, granada, estaurolita, cloritóide, clorita, turmalinas e rutilo/leucoxênio. A associação estável de estaurolita e cloritóide permite estabelecer a temperatura do evento metamórfico regional, responsável pela formação das rochas encaixantes e do protólito do agalmatolito, em T~500-550ºC. A transformação de cianita em andaluzita indica que houve queda da pressão para valores inferiores a 4 kbar, talvez ainda durante o metamorfismo regional. O agalmatolito foi formado em T~350-400ºC, às custas de rochas metassedimentares peraluminosas, compostas por proporções variáveis de cianita, andaluzita, moscovita e quartzo. A pirofilita foi gerada por meio de reações hidrotermais em zonas de cisalhamento de possível idade transamazônica, que funcionaram como coletoras dos fluidos ricos em H2O.
Age and field relationships of Mahamba orthogneisses and Mkhondo Valley metamorphic suite paragneisses from the Mkhondo river, ancient gneiss complex, Swaziland.
(2013) Taylor, J.; Stevens, Gary; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho
This study documents for the first time the ages and structural field relationships of banded orthogneisses, and associated highgrade paragneisses, from the Mkhondo River in the Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland, whose age and regional context has been disputed. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating shows that the orthogneiss unit mapped as Mahamba gneiss is composed of a 3215 ± 12 Ma granodiorite phase that was intruded by a 3162 ± 11 Ma felsic granitic phase. A hornblende-bearing tonalite dated at 2889 ± 13 Ma, which occurs structurally beneath the Mkhondo Valley Metamorphic Suite (MVMS) metasediments, experienced a metamorphic overprint at 2735 ± 11 Ma that coincided with granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting in the MVMS (Taylor et al., 2010). Both the MVMS and the Mahamba gneisses are characterised by north-northwest aligned, syn-peakmetamorphic deformation structures, indicating a period of west-southwest to east-northeast directed crustal shortening. Neither the Mahamba gneisses, nor the hornblende tonalite are intrusive into the structurally overlying MVMS sediments. This suggests that: (1) the Mahamba gneisses form part of the exposed basement in the area; and (2) the MVMS is a relatively young, late Archaean sedimentary succession that is unrelated to ≥ 3.23 Ga high-grade paragneiss units documented to the east and northeast of the MVMS.
Age of pegmatites from eastern Brazil and implications of mica intergrowths on cooling rates and age calculations.
(2003) Viana, Rúbia Ribeiro; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Kunst, Henjes; Evangelista, Hanna Jordt
U–Pb and K–Ar dating of selected minerals from different types of pegmatites in the northern region of the eastern Brazilian pegmatite province (EBPP) are reported. A concordant U–Pb age of 498 ^ 3 Ma for monazite from a simple, quartz-feldspar pegmatite without gem minerals corresponds to the crystallization age related to the Brasiliano-Pan-African posttectonic magmatic stage. This correlation is substantiated by a discordant 207Pb/206Pb age of 498 ^ 11 Ma for a zircon fraction that comprises large, prismatic crystals of pegmatitic origin with recent lead loss. The U–Pb isotope systematics of another zircon fraction composed of fine-grained, transparent grains indicates inheritance from older basement rocks. K–Ar age determinations for the core and rims of very large crystals of muscovite from more evolved, beryl-bearing pegmatites yield a mean age of 498 ^ 4 Ma. However, K–Ar dating of biotite enclosed in muscovite crystals results in a younger age of 485 ^ 4 Ma. This difference in age of ca. 13 Ma is interpreted to correspond to the time span for cooling from 400 to 350 8C (reported closure temperatures for K–Ar isotope systems of coarse-grained muscovite and biotite, respectively), which suggests a mean cooling rate of 3.3 8C/Ma. As such, it took 60 Ma for the pegmatite and its country rocks to cool from 600 8C (approximate crystallization temperature of pegmatite) to the closure temperature of 400 8C of muscovite, thus leading to an emplacement age of 560 Ma for the fertile pegmatite. This date is within the range of ages obtained for nearby fertile granites. The beryl-bearing pegmatites may be late tectonic and related to the main stage of granitogenesis of the Brasiliano orogeny, not posttectonic as determined for the northern, unfertile pegmatite. q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Age of the emerald mineralization from the Itabira-Nova Era District, Minas Gerais, Brazil, based on LA-ICP-MS geochronology of cogenetic titanite.
(2016) Evangelista, Hanna Jordt; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Delgado, Carlos Eduardo Reinaldo; Viana, Deiwys José
No Distrito Esmeraldífero de Itabira-Nova Era, sudeste do Brasil, esmeralda gemológica é extraída em minas subterrâneas em depósitos do Tipo Xisto na zona de contato da sequência metavulcanossedimentar arqueana do Complexo Guanhães com granitos anorogênicos paleoproterozoicos da Suite Borrachudos. Depósitos do Tipo Xisto são comumente gerados por reações promovidas por deformação e calor durante metamorfismo regional. A idade da mineralização na região tem sido motivo de debates por décadas: idades variando do Arqueano ao Neoproterozoico são mencionadas na literatura. Na zona mineralizada da mina Piteiras, titanita portadora de alumínio e flúor é encontrada em rochas metamáficas. O conteúdo de flúor foi provavelmente derivado dos granitos e pegmatitos Borrachudos, tal como o berílio para a esmeralda, portanto ambos minerais podem ter sido gerados durante o mesmo evento. Geocronologia U-Pb via ablação a laser associada a espectrometria de massa por plasma acoplado indutivamente laser (LA-ICP-MS) em titanita foi realizada em uma seção delgada de um flogopita-plagioclásio- hornblenda xisto da mina Piteiras. A idade determinada de 576 ± 7 Ma é também a provável idade de geração da esmeralda durante o ciclo Brasiliano, que foi o único evento tectonometamórfico posterior à intrusão dos granitos. Este evento forneceu calor e fluidos necessários para reações entre as rochas portadoras de berílio e de cromo, possibilitando assim a formação de esmeralda.

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