Navegando por Autor "Soares, Danusa Dias"
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Item Acute exercise modulates the inflammatory response in adipose tissue of lean and obese mice.(2023) Lacerda, Débora Romualdo; Silva, Albená Nunes da; Silveira, Ana Letícia Malheiros; Costa, Kátia Anunciação; Rodrigues, Débora Fernandes; Moraes, Michele Macedo; Pinho, Vanessa; Menezes, Gustavo Batista; Teixeira, Mauro Martins; Wanner, Samuel Penna; Soares, Danusa Dias; Ferreira, Adaliene Versiani MatosAcute physical exercise act as a metabolic stressor, promoting activation of the immune system, and this response could be relevant in the adipose tissue remodelling process. In addition, some cytokines have important functions in lipolysis. Since chronic exercise improves obesity-related metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, herein, we investigated the effect of acute exercise on the inflammatory responses in the adipose tissues of lean and obese mice. Lean mice were fed a standard chow diet, whereas obese mice were fed a high- refined carbohydrate (HC) diet for 8 weeks. Both groups were subjected to 60 min of moderately-intensity exercise. In the epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) of lean mice, exercise enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α levels, which correlated positively with increased serum free fatty acid concentrations. In vivo confocal imaging of EAT vessels revealed higher recruitment of neutrophils following exercise. Also, the number of leucocytes expressing CD11b+F480– was elevated 6 h after exercise. Similarly, the CXCL-1 level increased at 6 h and remained high until 24 h after exercise. Myeloperoxidase activity were increased at 6, 12, and 24 h after exercise. Surprisingly, however, no changes were observed in EAT from obese mice considering pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-). On the other hand, IL-13, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were higher in obese mice after exercise. These data suggest that acute exercise promotes an inflammatory response in the adipose tissue of lean mice that is observed as part of its role in adipose tissue remodelling. In contrast, acute exercise promotes an anti-inflammatory response in adipose tissue from obese mice, likely as an important tool for restoring homeostatic.Item Aerobic training reduces immune cell recruitment and cytokine levels in adipose tissue in obese mice.(2018) Lacerda, Débora Romualdo; Moraes, Michele Macedo; Silva, Albená Nunes da; Costa, Kátia Anunciação; Rodrigues, Débora Fernandes; Sabino, Josiana Lopes; Cordeiro, Letícia Maria de Souza; Pinho, Vanessa; Teixeira, Mauro Martins; Wanner, Samuel Penna; Soares, Danusa Dias; Ferreira, Adaliene Versiani MatosObesity is associated with an energy imbalance that results from excessive energy intake, low diet quality and a sedentary lifestyle. In this regard, the increased consumption of a high-refined carbohydrate diet (HC) is strongly related to higher adiposity and low-grade inflammation. Aerobic training is a well-known non-pharmacological intervention to treat obesity and metabolic disturbances. However, the mechanisms through which aerobic training ameliorates the low-grade inflammation induced by the HC diet need to be further investigated. Herein, our hypothesis was that aerobic training would decrease the recruitment of leukocytes in the adipose tissue thereby reducing the levels of cytokines and improving metabolism in mice fed the HC diet. Male Balb/c were assigned to the following groups: control non-trained (C-NT), control trained (C-T), HC-NT and HC-T. Mice were submitted to moderate-intensity training sessions that consisted of running 60 min/day for 8 weeks. The intravital microscopy technique was performed in vivo in anesthetized mice to visualize the microvasculature of the adipose tissue. The HC diet induced obesity and increased the influx of immune cells into the adipose tissue. In contrast, HC-T mice presented a lower adiposity and adipocyte area. Furthermore, HC-T mice showed an increased resting energy expenditure, a decreased recruitment of immune cells in the adipose tissue, reduced cytokine levels, and ameliorated hyperglycemia and fatty liver deposition relative to HC-NT mice. Collectively, our data enhance the understanding about the antiinflammatory effect of aerobic training and shed light on the adipose tissue-mediated mechanisms by which training promotes a healthier metabolic profile.Item Effect of player substitutions on the intensity of second-half soccer match play.(2012) Coelho, Daniel Barbosa; Coelho, Leonardo Gomes Martins; Morandi, Rodrigo Figueiredo; Ferreira Júnior, João Batista; Marins, João Carlos Bouzas; Prado, Luciano Sales; Soares, Danusa Dias; Garcia, Emerson SilamiA maioria das partidas de futebol é conduzida por treinadores que realizam todas as substituições de jogadores permitidas. Dessa maneira, torna-se de extrema importância o estudo destas substituições e sua influência na intensidade de esforço dos atletas. Há de se mencionar, ainda, que não há nenhum estudo na literatura que tenha investigado sobre esse tópico utilizando a frequência cardíaca (FC) como um parâmetro de intensidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a intensidade de esforço (IE) dos jogadores de futebol nas situações: 1) primeiro tempo (PT-IE); 2) segundo tempo (ST-IE); 3) segundo tempo com substituições (STS-IE). Quarenta e cinco atletas de futebol do sexo masculino (18.5 ± 1.2 anos, 74.25 ± 5.79 kg, 182.6 ± 8.55 cm, 9.56 ± 2.47 %G, 56.3 ± 4.3 mLO2/kg/min) participaram do estudo durante 29 jogos oficiais. IE foi considerada como a média da FC, expressa em percentual da FC máxima (%FCmax) de cada atleta e também de acordo com o tempo percorrido em cada zona de intensidade (Z) específica de acordo com o %FCmax (Z1<70%; Z2 70-85%; Z3 85-90%; Z4 90-95%; Z5 95-100%). IE no PT-IE (86.3 ± 3.3%FCmax) foi maior que no ST-IE (80.6 ± 4.4%FCmax) e que no STS-IE (83.6 ± 2.8 %FCmax). IE no STS-IE foi maior que no ST-IE (p<0,05). O tempo percorrido nas zonas de alta intensidade foi menor no ST-IE quando comparado com o PT-IE e maior no STS-IE quando comparado com o ST-IE (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a diminuição da IE no segundo tempo da partida de futebol foi atenuada com a realização de substituições e foi evidenciado um maior tempo de permanência em zonas de alta intensidade quando comparado com o ST-IE.Item Energy demand and heart rate evaluation at different phases during a match along an official soccer competition.(2012) Coelho, Daniel Barbosa; Coelho, Leonardo Gomes Martins; Mortimer, Lucas de Ávila Fleury; Hudson, Alexandre Sérvulo Ribeiro; Marins, João Carlos Bouzas; Soares, Danusa Dias; Garcia, Emerson SilamiThe purpose of the present study was to analyze the energy expenditure and heart rate (HR), expressed as mean and maximal heart rate (HRmax), along matches of an official soccer competition. Methods: Eighteen under-20 year old (U-20) soccer players from a first-division Brazilian soccer team were evaluated during 15 matches. The rela¬tionship between HR and oxygen uptake (HR/VO2 relationship) was established, and a linear regression equation was developed for each individual player participating in the study. This equation was then used to determine the oxygen uptake and the correspond¬ing energy expenditure based on the HR values measured during the games. The HR was recorded at 5-second intervals, which were clustered in phases of 15 minutes (0-15 min, 15-30 min e 30-45 min) for each half time (first half [FH] and second half [SH]). Results: The players’ oxygen uptake was 308.3 ± 11.9 LO2/game and the energy expenditure was 17.3±1.3 Kcal.min-1 and 1,542.9±125.1 Kcal/game. The results showed that there were significant differences between the HR and HRmax identified in the first half (FH 15-30 min) compared to the second half (SH 0-15 min and SH 30-45 min), and at FH 30-45 min compared to SH 0-15 min (p<0.05). Conclusions: We concluded that soccer should be considered as an extremely arduous activity for U-20 players due to the high energy expenditure during the matches of an official championship. We also concluded that, during soccer games with young players, FH 15-30 min could be considered the most intense phase, because the highest values of HR and HRmax usually occur at this phase. Key words: Correlation; Energy expenditure; Intermittent.Item Energy expenditure estimation during official soccer matches.(2011) Coelho, Daniel Barbosa; Mortimer, Lucas de Ávila Fleury; Condessa, Luciano Antonacci; Ferreira Júnior, João Batista; Borba, Diego de Alcantara; Oliveira, Bernardo Moreira; Marins, João Carlos Bouzas; Soares, Danusa Dias; Garcia, Emerson SilamiAmong the many parameters used to evaluate the intensity of a physical activity, the energy expenditure is considered within the principal ones. The purpose of the current research was to compare the energy expenditure estimation of soccer players in the Under-20 league (U-20) with results of professional soccer players described in the literature. Eleven soccer players from the first-division Brazilian soccer were evaluated in 12 matches of an official championship. The relationship between HR and oxygen uptake was established in a laboratory. Right after such procedures, the energy expenditure was calculated from the VO2 rates that were found by an equation of linear regression, which were subsequently substituted by the rates given in kilocalories. The energy expenditure of a soccer match was estimated as 17.11 ± 1.45 kcal.min-1 or 13.1 ± 1.68 METs, which corresponded to a total average expenditure of 1539.86 ± 130.07 kcal during a complete match. Therefore, the conclusion is that soccer players of an Under-20 category present high values for energy expenditure during the matches of an official championship.Item Evaluation of hydration status following soccer matches of different categories.(2012) Coelho, Daniel Barbosa; Pereira, Emerson Rodrigues; Gomes, Elisa Couto; Coelho, Leonardo Gomes Martins; Soares, Danusa Dias; Garcia, Emerson SilamiO objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o padrão de hidratação e respostas termorregulatórias de jogadores de futebol de diferentes categorias ao longo de um jogo oficial. Participaram desse estudo jogadores de futebol das categorias sub-15 (N 36) e sub-17 anos (N 14). Os jogadores foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o tempo de atuação em nos jogos: grupo principal, o grupo parcial, grupo intermediário grupo controle. As respostas termorregulatórias decorrentes dos jogos e o estatus de hidratação foram determinados e comparados entre os grupos apresentados. Os grupos principal e parcial apresentaram maiores valores de consumo de água, perda de peso e taxa de sudorese em comparação aos grupos intermediário e controle (p<0,05). A diferença de peso pré e pós-jogo entre as categorias foi maior nos atletas da categoria sub17 em comparação com os atletas sub 15 no mesmo grupo (p<0,05). Conclui-se que um jogo de futebol foi capaz de alterar de forma significativa os parâmetros de hidratação dos jogadores de futebol tendo relação direta com o tempo de atuação em campo.Item Impact of a physical activity program on plasma concentrations of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren : a randomized controlled trial.(2013) Freitas, André Everton de; Lamounier, Joel Alves; Soares, Danusa Dias; Oliveira, Thiago Henrique de; Lacerda, Débora Romualdo; Andrade, Joyce Batista; Komatsuzaki, Flávia; Botion, Leida Maria; Ferreira, Adaliene Versiani Matos; Silva, Camilo Adalton Mariano da; Rezende, Dilermando FazitoIntroduction: Child obesity has important consequences on the child’s health and is related to the risk of developing chronic diseases. That brings up the need for research assessing the impact of obesity - and overweight - reduction programs with close attention to methodology aspects and precise indicators of the impact of such programs. Goal: Assessing the impact of a physical activity program on the plasma concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Methods: Randomized controlled trial, double-blind, with 6- to 9-year-old overweight and obese school- children. A sample of 79 schoolchildren ran- domly distributed into control and intervention groups was subjected to a physical activity program. The levels of adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, body mass index, body fat percentage, an- thropometry, lipid profile and glycemia were evaluated. The program’s impact was assessed through multivariate linear regression models. Result: When comparing the groups, a significant difference was found for adiponectin, which shows an increase in the proportion of subjects with higher adiponectin concentrations for the intervention group and a reduction in body mass index and body fat percentage. Conclusion: The impact of the intervention program was positive in increasing adiponectin levels associated with a reduction in body mass index and body fat percentage.Item Influência temporal do exercício aeróbico sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares e renais em ratos com hipertensão renovascular (2R1C) por até 10 semanas.(2013) Maia, Rosana da Conceição Araújo; Alzamora, Andréia Carvalho; Lima, Wanderson Geraldo de; Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Soares, Danusa Dias; Alzamora, Andréia Carvalho; Lima, Wanderson Geraldo de; Maia, Rosana da Conceição AraújoEm estudos prévios de nosso laboratório mostramos que o exercício regular aeróbico, natação, (EFR) por 4 semanas pode promover adaptações cardiovasculares benéficas na hipertensão, mas ainda não está claro em que fase da hipertensão esses benefícios podem ocorrer. Neste estudo foi avaliado ovaliado ovaliado o valiado ovaliado ovaliado ovaliado ovaliado o efeito do EFR sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares e renais em diferentes fases da hipertensão 2R1C em ratos. Ratos Fisher adultos após a cirurgia (2R1C) ou fictícia (SHAM) foram divididos em 2 grupos: sedentários (SED) e submetidos ao EFR (natação 1h/5 dias por diferentes semanas). Parâmetros cardiovasculares e histológicos foram avaliados em 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 semanas. Dados foram expressos como média ± EPM. O EFR reduziu a pressão arterial média (PAM) e restaurou a sensibilidade da bradicardia reflexa (SBR) em 2R1C para valores semelhantes à SHAM SED na 4ª semana. Entretanto, a partir da 6ª semana a PAM e a SBR de 2R1C EFR foi similar a 2R1C SED. A avaliação do peso do coração e do diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos (μm) mostraram hipertrofia cardíaca em 2R1C EFR (0,41±0,03 e 14±0,2, respectivamente) e 2R1C SED (0,39±0,01 e 14±0,2, respectivamente) em relação ao SHAM SED (0,28±0,01 e 12±0,2, respectivamente) na 10ª semana. Entretanto, as avaliações morfométricas mostraram que ratos 2R1C SED apresentaram hipertrofia ventricular esquerda concêntrica na 6ª semana, enquanto que o EFR induziu hipertrofia excêntrica em 2R1C somente na 4ª semana (0,58±0,06; EFR vs 0,84±0,02; SED). Porém, o EFR diminuiu a deposição de colágeno (μm2) no miocárdio de 2R1C (329±38; EFR vs 613±68; SED) a valores semelhantes aos ratos SHAM (277±24; SED) da 2ª a 10ª semana. Além disso, o EFR, no rim não clipado (direito) de 2R1C, reduziu a deposição de colágeno (759±75; EFR vs 1639±112; SED) da 2a a 10ª semana. Esses resultados, em conjunto, mostram a eficiência do EFR em restaurar a PAM e a SBR até a 4ª semana e em promover adaptações teciduais benéficas tanto no coração quanto no rim durante o desenvolvimento e a manutenção da hipertensão renovascular 2R1C em ratos por até 10 semanas.Item Intensity of real competitive soccer matches and differences among player positions.(2011) Coelho, Daniel Barbosa; Mortimer, Lucas de Ávila Fleury; Condessa, Luciano Antonacci; Morandi, Rodrigo Figueiredo; Oliveira, Bernardo Moreira; Marins, João Carlos Bouzas; Soares, Danusa Dias; Garcia, Emerson SilamiA maioria das investigações sobre a intensidade de jogos de futebol foi realizadas em jogos amistosos, simulados ou com um pequeno número de jogos avaliados em caráter recreacional ou com uma pequena amostra. Não se observou nenhuma avaliação de frequência cardíaca (FC) em jogos oficiais com um número considerável de jogadores e de diferentes posições. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a intensidade de jogos (IJ) do futebol brasileiro durante uma competição oficial e compará-la entre jogadores de diferentes posições táticas. A FC foi medida em 26 jogadores entre 16 e 17 anos (Sub-17) e 18 jogadores entre 18 e 20 anos (sub-20) (idades 16,38 ± 0,5 e 18,24 ± 0,66 anos, respectivamente). A frequência máxima individual (FCmax) e a FC de limiar anaeróbico (LAN) foram avaliadas em testes de campo. A IJ como %FCmax foi monitorada como cinco zonas de intensidade sendo desde a zona 1 = <70%FCmax; a 5 = 95-100%FCmax. A IJ media e a intensidade de LAN foram 84,4 ± 5,1; 86,3 ± 4,0%HRmax and 84,1 ± 4,1; 87,0 ± 5,1%HRmax para o sub-17 e sub-20, respectivamente. Os laterais permaneceram mais tempo na zona 5 em comparação aos jogadores atacantes (p<0,05). Os jogadores de meio campo permaneceram mais tempo na zona 3 em comparação aos outros jogadores e na zona 4 em comparação aos zagueiros e atacantes (p<0,05). A IJ média e a intensidade de LAN são similares. Os laterais apresentam mais esforços máximos do que os atacantes e os jogadores de meio campo não participam de tantos esforços máximos como os zagueiros, laterais e atacantes.Item Limiar anaeróbio de jogadores de futebol de diferentes categorias.(2009) Coelho, Daniel Barbosa; Mortimer, Lucas de Ávila Fleury; Condessa, Luciano Antonacci; Soares, Danusa Dias; Barros, Cristiano Lino Monteiro de; Garcia, Emerson SilamiDiferentes variáveis podem ser utilizadas para a identificação e monitoramento da capacidade aeróbia em esportes coletivos, sendo o limiar anaeróbio (LAN) muito utilizado em atividades como futebol, basquete, handebol entre outros. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a intensidade do LAN de jogadores de futebol de diferentes categorias, avaliando os parâmetros velocidade, frequência cardíaca (FC) e percentual da FC máxima (%FCmax), bem como comparar estas intensidades entre as categorias. Participaram do estudo 19 jogadores da categoria sub-17, 12 jogadores Sub-20 e 14 profissionais. O LAN foi determinado a partir da intensidade de 4mM obtida em um teste de campo. Este consistiu em corridas de 1000m, em velocidades constantes a cada tentativa. A FC e lactato ([Lactato]) obtidos no teste foram analisados através de interpolação linear. Foram determinados a velocidade, a FC e %FCmax correspondentes a intensidade do LAN. Identificou-se que a FCmax dos jogadores Sub-17 (202 ± 7bpm) foi maior quando comparada à categoria Profissional (193 ± 10bpm) (p<0,05). O LAN expresso em %FCmax dos jogadores Sub-17 (87,0 ± 1,1) e Sub-20 (86,3 ± 0,8) foi menor quando comparado à categoria Profissional (91,2 ± 1,1) (p<0,05). A intensidade media do LAN foi 87% FCmax. Não foram identificadas diferenças entre as categorias quando o LAN foi considerado em bpm e como velocidade de corrida. Concluiu-se que a intensidade do LAN neste grupo pode ser considerada alta, sendo que os jogadores profissionais apresentam LAN mais alto em comparação com as categorias Sub-17 e Sub-20.Item Mechanisms underlying fat pad remodeling induced by fasting : role of PAF receptor.(2019) Lacerda, Débora Romualdo; Soares, Danusa Dias; Costa, Kátia Anunciação; Silva, Albená Nunes da; Rodrigues, Débora Fernandes; Sabino, Josiana Lopes; Silveira, Ana Letícia Malheiros; Pinho, Vanessa; Vieira, Érica Leandro Marciano; Menezes, Gustavo Batista; Antunes, Maísa Mota; Teixeira, Mauro Martins; Ferreira, Adaliene Versiani MatosObjectives: Fasting has long been practiced for political and religious reasons and to lose weight. However, biological responses during fasting have yet to be fully understood. Previous studies have shown that cytokines may control fat pad expansion, at least in part, owing to the induction of lipolysis. Indeed, we have previously shown that mice with a lower inflammatory response, such as platelet-activating factor receptor knockout mice (PAFR / ), are prone to gain weight and adiposity. The aims of this study were to determine whether adipose tissue becomes inflamed after fasting and to evaluate whether the PAF signaling is a fator in the fat loss induced by fasting. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and PAFR / mice were fasted for 24 h. Adiposity, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine levels were evaluated. Multiple comparisons were performed using two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Fisher exact test. Results: After fasting, male WT mice showed lower adiposity (P < 0.001), higher recruitment of immune cells (P < 0.001), and increased cytokine levels (P < 0.05) in adipose tissue. Although WT mice lost ~79% of their adipose tissue mass, PAFR / mice lost only 36%. Additionally, PAFR / mice did not show enhanced cytokine and chemokine levels after fasting (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite low-grade inflammation being associated with metabolic syndrome, at least in part, the inflammatory milieu is also important to induce proper fat mobilization and remodeling of adipose tissue.Item Role of adipose tissue inflammation in fat pad loss induced by fasting in lean and mildly obese mice.(2019) Lacerda, Débora Romualdo; Costa, Kátia Anunciação; Silveira, Ana Letícia Malheiros; Rodrigues, Débora Fernandes; Silva, Albená Nunes da; Sabino, Josiana Lopes; Pinho, Vanessa; Menezes, Gustavo Batista; Soares, Danusa Dias; Teixeira, Mauro Martins; Ferreira, Adaliene Versiani MatosInflammation induced by obesity contributes to insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Indeed, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines trigger chronic lowgrade inflammation and promote detrimental metabolic effects in the adipose tissue. On the other hand, inflammation seems to control fat pad expansion and to have important functions on lipolysis and glucose metabolism. Thus, it is possible that inflammation may also drive fat pad loss, as seen during long-fast periods. Herein, we have used fasting as a strategy to induce weight loss and evaluate the possible role of inflammation on adipose tissue remodeling. Male BALB-c mice were fed with chow diet (lean mice) or with high-carbohydrate refined diet (mildly obese mice) for 8 weeks. After that, animals were subjected to 24 h of fasting. There was a 63% reduction of adiposity in lean mice following fasting. Furthermore, the adipose tissue was enriched of immune cells and had a higher content of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, TGF-β and CXCL-1. Interestingly, mildly obese mice, subjected to the same 24-h fasting period, lost only 33% of their adiposity. Following fasting, these mice did not show any increment in leukocyte recruitment and cytokine levels, as did lean mice. Our findings indicate that inflammation participates in fat mass loss induced by fasting. Although the chronic low-grade inflammation seen in obesity is associated with metabolic diseases, a lower inflammatory response triggered by fasting in mildly obese mice impairs fat pad mobilization.Item The volume and order of starting exercise modulates the glucose-lowering effect of a single session of combined exercise in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes.(2022) Rodrigues, João Gabriel da Silveira; Gonçalves, Dawit Albieiro Pinheiro; Correia, Augusto de Souza Alves; Ogando, Pedro Henrique Madureira; Delevatti, Rodrigo Sudatti; Pires, Washington; Aleixo, Ivana Montandon Soares; Soares, Danusa DiasProblem Statement: Although combined exercise (CE) is frequently prescribed for glycemic control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) subjects, beginning CE session with aerobic or resistance exercises can lead to distinct responses in capillary glucose, especially when training prescriptions differ in intensity and volume. Approach: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise intensity, volume, and order within combined exercise sessions on glycemic response. Purpose: Forty T2DM subjects participated in this study. The subjects were divided into three different protocols: standard (S-P, n = 13), high intensity (HI-P, n = 16), and high volume (HV-P, n = 11) in two counter-balanced orders each [i.e., resistance exercise followed by aerobic exercise (R-A) or vice versa (A-R)]. The capillary glucose was evaluated before and after each CE session. Results: All protocols of combined exercise reduced glucose concentrations (p < .001). HV-P induced a glycemic reduction that was 2-fold higher than that observed in HI-P (34% vs. 18%; p < .05). Both exercise orders within combined exercise session reduced glucose concentrations (S-P: 25%, 28%; HI-P: 17%, 19%, and HV-P: 31%, 36% for A-R and R-A, respectively); however, R-A induced slightly larger (Cohen’s d was 13-33% higher in R-A compared to A-R), but clinically relevant, reductions in all combined exercise protocols. Pre- exercise glucose concentrations were correlated to exercise-induced glucose reduction only in the A-R order (r = 65 to .79, p < .05). Conclusion: All combined exercise protocols were effective in decreasing glucose concentrations. Nonetheless, a higher magnitude of glucose-lowering effect occurred when a higher exercise volume was performed and when performing resistance instead of aerobic exercise in the first place.